Aqeel Ahmad

  By   Aqeel Ahmad Depending on whom you talk to in the defense and national policy circles, hypersonic weapons are “ super-duper ” missiles ready to transform combat since they are difficult to defend against.    Others argue that they are simply the latest in a long series of  overhyped weapons  systems and that they are relatively easy to defend against since they fly slower as they approach their target than ballistic missiles with comparable ranges. Some argue that hypersonic weapons would boost  conventional deterrence  by leveling the playing ground with enemies that are developing and deploying hypersonic weapons. Others say that they would increase tensions between nuclear-armed state s  by heightening concerns of a disarming assault and stoking a risky weapons race.   What is a hypersonic weapon?  They are so fast that their speed may alter the molecules of the surrounding air. They can deliver a nuclear bomb, fly at low a...

                      Marwa Fida: The writer is a Second-year student and a rising intellectual. According to realists, we should be ready as the world will be facing hard times in the upcoming fifty years. Climate changes have significant implications for present lives, future generations, and for ecosystems on which humanity depends. Consequently, climate change has been and continues to be the subject of intensive scientific research and public debate. The scientific community has observed it by measuring the temperature that is rapidly exceeding annually. As the atmosphere gets hotter every year, the climate will drastically change.  There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation. The size of future temperature increases and other aspects of climat...

  Introduction When Napoleon  invaded Russia in the summer of 1812  his aim was to bring the Russians to battle, inflict a decisive defeat, and force them to sue for peace. That battle eventually came at Borodino on 7 September 1812, just to the west of Moscow. Although Napoleon could claim to have won the battle it was far from a decisive victory, and even the occupation of Moscow failed to bring the Russians to the negotiating table.  Napoleon's  poor performance at Borodino thus played a major part in the destruction of the Grande Armée and the eventual fall of his empire. Preliminaries The French crossed the Niemen on 22-24 June 1812. At this stage, Napoleon's main army was between  Barclay de Tolly's  1st Western Army, which was to the north-east, and  Bagration's  2nd Western Army, to the south. Napoleon's aim was to keep his army between the two Russian forces, prevent them from uniting and defeat them separately. Bagration was the fir...

  Waterloo is one of the most famous battles in European history, even today, nearly 200 years after the battle the site is a very popular attraction for visitors from all over Europe. In April 1814 when  Napoleon  finally abdicated it seemed that the  Napoleonic wars  were finally over. By the end of the war, the European armies had started to adopt French tactics and strategies and the myth of Napoleon's invincibility had been shattered. Despite this, the restored French monarchy was soon in trouble and the victors were more interested in dividing the spoils than watching out for them now exiled Napoleon. Landing in France on 26th February 1815 with a handful of troops, Napoleon was within 23 days returned to power. The allies were alarmed and quickly united for the final campaign, a campaign which both sides knew would finally decide the future of Europe. Napoleon decided to strike quickly, for to delay would gain the Allies time to muster vast forces and Nap...

  The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between France under the leadership of   Napoleon Bonaparte   and a number of European nations between 1799 and 1815. They followed on from the   War of the First Coalition (1793-97)   and engaged nearly all European nations in a bloody struggle, a struggle that also spilled over into Egypt, America, and South America. During the Wars (for during this period the fighting was not constant) warfare was to change and move towards modern warfare leaving behind forever the idea of war as a sport of kings and moving towards the concept of Total War and the nations in arms. Weaponry also evolved though at a much slower rate than the ideas of the nation at arms and conscription. By the end of the period, most European armies had riflemen and the British made the first large-scale use of   Congreve Rockets   in a European war. The period started with bright uniforms but by the end of the period dark blue o...

  On April 14, President Joe Biden announced the withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan starting from May 1, with complete withdrawal till September 11, ending the longest and the costliest war. It was an extension of the previous  US Taliban agreement  of February 29, 2020, by President Donald Trump. The deal signed in Doha compelled the US and its allies to withdraw their troops from Afghanistan by May 2021. On May 4 the Taliban launched a major attack on Afghan forces in the Southern Helmand province. As the violence intensified in Afghanistan, they captured the Nerkh district just outside the capital Kabul. In the offense, many Taliban fighters died, and their initial numbers were around 150. Taliban got an opportunity to take over the remaining parts of Afghanistan after the final US troops abruptly pulled out from their main military base,  the Bagram base on July 2, 2021 . The US withdrawal ended 20 years of US war and its military occupation of Afghanista...